That is a great post. Thank you for sharing. I am glad it was a discovery prior to full separation!
It is the first example of rear a-arm fatigue that I have seen. Anecdotally, I have heard of cracks caused by the bushings, located at the lower control arm/hub carrier, freezing up and the control arm forced to accept the flex. This looks like the bushing connecting the a-arm to the frame was stiff and the fighting the shock absorber's rebound. Or perhaps someone tried to jack the a-arm from underneath or road debris struck it. The later seem unlikely w/o collateral dent damage.
Do you have a hypothesis as to the cause?